#Running sheep anatomy skin
#Running sheep anatomy series

A nail is similarly constructed except that the unguis is more or less flat, not folding over the subunguis. The unguis curves around the tapered terminal phalanx, surrounding the subunguis except at the very tip of the digit, where the edges of the unguis do not meet. Claws are composed of a dorsal plate, called the unguis, and a ventral subunguis.

#Running sheep anatomy skin

These structures are derived from the skin and are composed of the protein keratin, not bone. These two bones are considerably modified in some groups of mammals.Īt the tip of the digits are usually found nails, claws, or hooves. The astragalus is another important bone of the tarsus it lies between calcaneum and tibia. It provides an important lever arm for muscles that move the hind foot. The calcaneum is a large tarsal bone that extends behind the ankle, forming the heel. Tarsal and carpal bones are referred to collectively as podials, and metacarpals and metatarsals are metapodials. A patella lies over the knee joint (junction of tibia and femur). The first digit of the forelimb (the thumb of humans) is called the pollex the first digit of the hindlimb is the hallux. The bones of the hind limb are the femur (articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis), the tibia and fibula, the tarsals and metatarsals, and (primitively) five digits, each made up of 2 or more several phalanges. The forelimb itself consists of a humerus (which meets the scapula), paired radius and ulna, a set of carpals and metacarpals, and (primitively) five digits, each made up of several phalanges. Unlike the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle is firmly attached to the spine, by a bony fusion between the ilium and sacral vertebrae. At the junction of these three bones is the socket ( acetabulum) for the hind limb. The pelvic girdle of mammals is made up of three bones, the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The clavicle, if it is present, runs from the region of the articulation between scapula and forelimb to the anterior part of the sternum.

It is connected to those structures by muscles and ligaments rather than being immovably fused to them. The scapula lies alongside the rib cage and spine. Monotremes are an exception their pectoral girdles include several of these primitive elements. These bones are either lost or incorporated into the scapula of modern mammals. Mammalian pectoral girdles are very much simplified compared to the pectoral regions of their ancestors, which contained a number of additional bones. The pectoral girdle of most mammals consists of a shoulder blade ( scapula) and in many, a clavicle.

#Running sheep anatomy series

The forelimbs and hindlimbs each consist of a series of bones, meeting the trunk of the body at the pectoral (forelimb) or pelvic (hindlimb) girdle.